Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri is an important plant pest species in the citrus growing regions of the world. Due to the use of chemical pesticides with a wide range of effects against this pest and other pests in citrus orchards, P. citri has become a serious pest in citrus orchards, including citrus orchards in the north of the country. In this study, the acaricidal and sublethal effects of diflovidazin on different stages of citrus red mite were investigated. The results showed that diflovidazin was highly toxic to the eggs, larvae and deutonymph stages of citrus red mite. The sublethal effects of diflovidazin on the parameters of citrus red mite life table were investigated and the results showed a significant decrease in generation length average, adult longevity, fecundity and fertility period. The net reproduction rates (R0) were 11. 2 and 1. 62 offspring per female mite for control and treatment of diflovidazin, respectively. The intrinsic (r) and finite (λ, ) rates of increase for the control were 0. 133 and 1. 142 per day, respectively, and for the LC 30 treatment was 0. 033 and 1. 034 per day, respectively. In general, the sub-lethal concentration of difluvidazine showed a diminishing effect on all population growth parameters in treated deutonymphs. Overall, the results indicate the lethal and sub-lethal effects of diflovidazin on citrus red mites, and this compound can be recommended as part of a resistance management program to control this mite.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

Melon aphid Aphis gossypii is one of the economic pests of melon that has a high adaptability to various environmental conditions, including salinity. In this study, the lethal and sub-lethal (LD10) effects of Palizin soap insecticide (0, 450, 696, 1078, 1669, 2583 and 4000 ppm) were investigated on A. gossypii reared on melon seedlings under salinity stress (0, 20, 40 and 60 mM) in a factorial experiment based on completely random design in growth chamber (25 ±,1°, C, %70 ±,5 RH and 16L/8D h photoperiod). Bioassay was performed based on leaf deep method. The LD50 values after 24 hours were estimated as 1378, 1036, 860 and 749 ppm for treatments, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between the toxicity of Palizin and increase in salinity. To determine the effect of LD10 of Palizin on aphids, biological parameters of insect fertility in each salinity treatment were determined based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The nymphs had longer development duration in treated aphids than aphids that grew under similar salinity conditions, but adult insects had a shorter longevity and less fecundity. The average of intrinsic rate of increase varied from 0. 31 to 0. 17 ♀, /♀, /days-1 and the average of generation time varied from 11. 16 to 12. 65 days between 0 and 60 mM salinity treatments. Based on the results, Palizin insecticide with salinity stress can be recommended for successful integrated management of aphid on melon under salinity stress conditions.

Habrobracon hebetor Say, is one of the most important larval parasitoids of many lepidopteran pests, particularly the family Noctuidae. In this study, the lethal and sub-lethal effects of chromafenozide, pyridalyl and thiodicarb, as insecticides, were investigated on this parasitoid under laboratory conditions. Bioassay tests on adults were conducted based on contact method and sub-lethal effects were done based on demographic toxicology. According to bioassay tests, estimated LC30 values for chromafenozide and thiodicarb were 126. 43 and 54. 24 mg a. i. /L, respectively. Since even with the application of three times more than that of the field concentration of pyridalyl (2250 mg a. i. /L), maximum mortality percentage of insects was 19%; LC30 value was not estimated for this insecticide. In order to assess sub-lethal effects of insecticides, female wasps were exposed LC30 values of chromafenozide and thiodicard and the field concentration of pyridalyl (750 mg a. i. /L). According to sub-lethal tests, insecticide treatments significantly affected duration of life different, fecundity and life table parameters. The intrinsic (r) and finite (λ ) rates of increase were significantly lower in insecticide treatments than that of control. Overall, results showed that thiodicarb had the highest toxicity effect on H. hebetor, while pyridalyl and chromafenozide had less adverse effects on this parasitoid. Following field experiments and subject to confirmation of the results of this study, it is possible to use pyridalil and chromafenozide in integrated pest management programs.

In the present study the effects of lethal and sub-lethal levels of malation in male gold fish, Crasius auratus, have been studied. In this regard, first of all, fish were exposed with lethal concentration levels of malation (15-23 mg/l) and 96 h median lethal concentration, LC50, calculated as 12. 5 mg/l for this fish. Then fish were exposed to sub-lethal levels including 0. 1 LC50 ( 2. 35 mg/l ) and 0. 01 LC50 (0. 235 mg/l) of malation for 7 months. Then effects of this toxicant on hematocrit, hemoglobin, the number of red blood cell and white blood cell, MCH, MCHC, MCV, alanin amino taransferas, alkalin phosphatase, asparat amino transferas, total protein, testestron and glucose of blood were evaluated. hematocrit, hemoglobin, the number of red blood cell and white blood cell, MCH, MCHC and MCV were significant (p<0. 05) between experiment treatments as fish which were exposed to the concentration of 0. 1 LC50 of malathion toxicant had lower hematocrit, hemoglobin, the number of red blood cell and white blood cell, MCH and MCHC compare to control group. The lowest levels of alanin amino taransferas, total protein, testestron and glucose were observed in 0. 1 mg/liter and minimum levels of alkalin phosphatase and asparat amino transferas found in control group. Histopathological study were characterized by hepatocyte degeneration, defuse hepatocyte vacuolization, accumulation of melanomacrophage and focal necrosis in the liver of fish that exposed with concentration of 0. 1 LC50. On the other hand this fish that exposed with concentration of 0. 01 LC50 showed moderate pathologic signs in the liver.

n the present study, lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils of Artemisia khorassanica Podi, Carum carvi L. and Piper nigrum L. was assessed on number of parameters of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). The lethal concentrations (LC50) of essential oils were determined on the adults. Sublethal concentration (LC20) of essentials decreased the amount of life expectancy (ex), and showed different changes on the survival rate (lx) and reproductive value (vx) in comparison with the control. A. khorassanica essential oil in comparison with two the other essential oils decreased the population growth parameters such as gross reproduction rate (GRR), net reproduction rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ ) and increased the mean generation time (T) significantly. The essential oil of A. khorassanica had the most effective on biological parameters such as larval duration, immature stages, female longevity, the fecundity and fertility. The essential oil of A. khorassanica decreased the amounts of pupal protein (489. 2 ± 20. 86 µ g/pupa), lipid (812. 40 ± 48. 70 μ g/pupa) and glycogen (96. 4 ± 5. 51 µ g/pupa) of pupae compared with the control (606. 8 ± 28. 38, 941. 80 ± 54. 97 and 150. 40 ± 15. 09 µ g/pupa, respectively). Chemical composition analysis of the essential oils showed that camphor and 1, 8-cineol in A. khorassanica and 2-methyl-3-phenyle propane in C. carvi and P. nigrum had the most amount. Considering the lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils, performing additional research achieving their application in the management of pest is recommended.

The wasp Habrobracon hebetor Say, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the important parasitoids which is used for the biological control. lethal effects of tetranylprole, flupyradifuran, flubendiamide and spirotetramat insecticides were studied by contact method on adult insects and dipping method on the parasitoid wasp pupa.  Parasitoid wasp rearing was carried out on the larvae of the mediterranean flour moth in a growth chamber with temperature conditions of 27 2, relative humidity 65 5 percent and photoperiod (16:8) hours of light and dark. Bioassay tests were performed on adult insect stages and wasp pupa in 5 repetitions on different days. According to the results, the LC50 on adult insects was estimated to be 233, 966, 5444 and 679 ppm for tetranilyprole, flupyradifuran, flubendiamide and spirotetramat, respectively. The survival rate in the dipping method for the insecticides tetranylyprole, flupyradifuran, flubendiamide and spirotetramat was 32.6,13.3, 16.0 and 19.7 percent, respectively. Tetranylprole insecticide showed the highest toxicity, while flubendiamide pesticides showed the lowest toxicity on the adult stage. If field tests are conducted and these results are confirmed, it seems that flupyradifuran and flubendiamide insecticides can be a suitable option for integrated pest management.

Background and aims: Anthrax is a common disease in human and livestock caused by Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus anthracishas two strong immunogen proteins: Protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor domain I (LFD1) that has been always considered as a candidate vaccine against Bacillus anthracis. The aim of this study was to express the lethal factor domain I in Escherichia coli.Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, the gene of LFD1 was detected and amplified from pXO1 plasmid by PCR. The gene was cloned with Bam H I and Xho I restriction site in cloning vector (pGEM-T easy), after isolation was sub cloned to expression vector pET28a (+).This vector was transformed to E. coli -BL21 (DE3) to express LFD1 gene. The expression of LFD1 gene was induced by IPTG, and LFD1 protein was produced.Results: The cloned LFD1 gene in pET28a (+) vector was confirmed by sequencing, PCR and enzymatic analysis. The expressed recombinant protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.Conclusion: According to immunogenicity of LFD1 protein, the produced recombinant protein can be used separately or in combination by adjuvants and delivers to design a vaccine against anthrax.

Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest species in the citrus growing world. Due to broad spectrum chemical pesticides applied on citrus orchards pests, P. citri became an important citrus orchard pest in the north of Iran. In this study, lethal and sub-lethal effects of two biocompatible compounds, citronellol and neem extract, were investigated on different developmental stages of citrus red mite using the potter spray tower method. The results showed that citronellol and neem had high toxicity on egg and larval mite stages with LC50 values of 245. 55 and 666. 94 mg/L, respectively. The sub-lethal effects of citronellol and neem extract on adult citrus red mite in comparison control significantly reduced fecundity (0. 1, 1. 5 and 18. 03 eggs/female, respectively), fertility (0. 066, 1. 07 and 17 hatched eggs/female, respectively) and longevity (5. 43, 5. 86 and 11. 83 days, respectively). The results showed appropriate control effects of biomite® and neem extract against early growth stages of the citrus red mite with an environmental protection approach. Therefore, these compounds could be recommended in the program of resistance management of this pest.